Knowledge, Power and Control :: Philosophy Religion Papers

Information, Power and Control In this paper, I propose to analyze a portion of the issues that emerge because of the connection among information and power, and explicitly those that worry who should control information and spread it in the public eye. This subject is examined in the compositions of Plato and is likewise remarked on by such medieval masterminds as Averroes (Ibn Rushd), Moses Maimonides and St. Thomas Aquinas from the Islamic, Jewish and Christian conventions separately and their perspectives will be quickly sketched out here. In spite of the strict, recorded and social contrasts which recognize their methodologies from each other, what is wonderful is the closeness in the ends that they reach about how noetic force and control is obtained and worked out. They all demand that information ought to be made specifically accessible to specific people and gatherings as per noetic capacity and social situation with regards to the conceived socio-political model of network that is in activity. Informatio n is seen as a saving impact on individual and political life, to be transmitted ideally in a basically unaltered state so as to keep up continue the ideal socio-social worth framework and force structure. The accentuation is on regard for convention and for the inceptions and status of the noetic substance to be transmitted through the skill of those appointed to go about as transmitting operators. The substance of information is as often as possible depicted as secretive and bewildering, just equipped for appropriate understanding by delegated masters. The job of educating is subsequently significant since the educator is the network's selected master for scattering information, as and when suitable, as indicated by the responsive capacities of the individuals who learn. This epistemological methodology seems, by all accounts, to be in sharp complexity to the contemporary perspective on somebody like Paulo Freire who demands that information must be fairly accessible to everybody so as to politically change society change through social justice.(1) This point is accomplished when the noetic procedure turns into a basic perusing of the real world, an appearance in real life which is applied with the goal that customary perspectives establish a perpetual subject for reevaluation. Information is seen in Freirean epistemology as a vehicle of correspondence between individuals, a procedure wherein there is no for all time unaltered noetic information yet rather a continuous rationalization deliberately sought after through logical inconsistency and continually focused on fundamentally reclassifying how individuals can exist together in a condition of social balance. As indicated by this view, information offers everybody the likelihood to ponder the world to follow up on it in an all the more refining way.

Aldi case studies Essay

QUESTION 1 Aldi is a main retailer with more than 8,000 stores around the world. They work an ordinary store sells around 700 items, contrasted with roughly 25,000 things stock at conventional general store. Since opening its first store in 1913, Aldi has effectively settled itself as one of the most dependable retailers in the universal business advertise. In industry business, organization were accomplished their upper hand in working administration dependent on contending a distinction, contending cost and contending a reaction. ALDI have an alternate method of their administrations in retail shop industry. Truly, staple shop is very normal however they accomplish an upper hand through an administrations characteristics in retail industry. ALDI‘s methodology lead to upper hand thorugh their image that related with an incentive for cash. Working supervisor in ALDI works a successful arrangement so as to underscoring their item and administrations that will impact potential incentive to the client. Its accentuation is on giving great items and fantastic incentive for clients. As essentially, ALDI have given the client an effective method to shop. As we probably am aware, clients need the best quality items at the most minimal potential costs. With such intense rivalry it is crucial for associations to comprehend what their clients need. As a respectable retailer, ALDI comprehends that its clients need an incentive for cash however would prefer not to settle on quality. ALDI’s system rotates around giving great quality staple goods to low cost. For ALDI quality is significant that ensures item sold with a no inquiries posed to unconditional promise. In light of case, ALDI accomplishes its ease system yet at the same time keep up to create quality items. They applied a few strategies, for example, purchases enormous amounts of thing from confided in providers, exploiting amount limits and economies of scale. ALDI didn't squander their expense towards racking, areas and distribution center since they used an adequately assets. Something else, ALDI have a speedy reaction in term of conveyance item as a result of Just in Time (JIT). The staffs in ALDI work the checkout just as restock things by supplanting beds and this is very adaptable. They orchestrate an amazing planning of their exhibition, for example, limit overhead expense. QUESTION 2 ALDI is a retailer that offers a minimal effort system as one of its quality in retail industry in Germany. Despite the fact that relate an ease technique, there is no such things that ALDI offer a low standard of items. They could keep up to offering a decent support quality since they prevail in redid the utilities of its assets limit. ALDI utilizing a period based administration that necessary them to meet changing business sector and client needs. Notwithstanding serious technique, quality is imperative to make an incentive to pay. That is to say, clients didn't had lament purchasing our items and keep to get it that comparable guideline utilized by ALDI that ensures item sold with a no inquiries posed to unconditional promise. Other than, a great help is one of a piece of value. It is on the grounds that, administrations, for example, meet client need on schedule, promptly accessible and accommodation stores could fulfill a client on their normal day by day staple sho p.

Are Bookworms Killing The Bookstore

Are Bookworms Killing The Bookstore Here in Memphis, The Booksellers is going belly up â€" causing an emotional shock among my friends almost as great as the election. Since I’m a senior citizen Book Rioter, Ive seen countless bookstores come and go. I remember the thrill of their openings  and the depression of their closings. I know of only one bookstore older than myself, and I think Ill outlive it. But hell, nothing seems to last anymore. Im truly sad bookstores are going out of business, but arent we to blame? Among my bookish friends lamenting the demise of our favorite bookstore, we feel something significant has changed in our lives. The Booksellers used to be Davis-Kidd Booksellers, which at one time had several locations across Tennessee, with legions of devoted fans. Evidently not enough. Will any bookstore stay in business in these changing technological  times? I admit my guilt. I’ve bought dozens of books this month.   None from a new bookstore. I now prefer digital books â€" either Kindle editions or Audible audiobooks. I own over two thousand books I carry around in my iPhone 6s Plus. I’d need a Class 4 truck do that with hardbacks. I went to Barnes Noble Monday, our last remaining bookstore selling new books, and spent $35. But I bought two expensive computer magazines and a remaindered coloring book no new books. For over forty years in my younger life, I’d visit bookstores two or three times a week, always hanging out in the science and science fiction sections. My Barnes Noble have large sections for those books. However, I didn’t even glance at them. I’ve decided it’s unfair to use their shelves for perusing books I would only buy at Amazon. And if I’m extra honest, how I select books is far more sophisticated than the old days. I used to spend a few minutes flipping through a volume before making an impulse purchase. Now I research books on the internet before I hit the order button, getting to know them in ways no store clerk could. If I only buy magazines and pick over the remaindered books will bookstores stay in business? Are my buying habits typical? Even those buying habits are changing. I subscribe to Texture where I have access to 200+ digital magazines, and I’ve been thinking about subscribing to  Comixology because young Book Rioters are making me feel I’m missing something by not reading comics. By the way, am I wrong in thinking comic fans mostly buy their comics digitally, rather than collect paper editions? What will bookstores sell in the future? Now that I think of it, all the comic book stores I used to see are no longer in business. Most bookworms wail and gnash their teeth when their favorite bookstore  dies, but aren’t we killing their business? Aren’t we killing libraries too? We’re living through a paradigm shift. Some younger Book Rioters will even wonder why I’m writing this essay because digital books are all they’ve ever known. Most bookworms, of all ages, still love physical books and will riot over the idea of them disappearing. Yet, how many of you buy books at your local bookstore paying full list price? I feel really bad that bookstores are going out of business, but arent we bookworms to blame? Or is that fair? Is this a natural business evolution and no one is to blame?  Bookstores are going the way of video stores. That’s deeply sad. I often lament not owning a typewriter or an 8-bit computer. I miss them. But if I owned one, they’d be gathering dust in the attic. Change is relentless. If you live long enough everything becomes nostalgia.

What Makes People Virtuous - 732 Words

What makes ppl virtuous...... Virtue is defined as the quality of moral excellence, righteousness, and responsibility (Pg.73) While studying what makes a virtuous person their character rather than actions are studied. Honesty, courage, moderation, compassion, wisdom and loyalty are a few examples of the characteristics of a virtuous person. (pg.82) Virtue is the moderate option. For example a person can be greedy or a person can give everything they have away, but the person who takes care of themselves and others in virtuous because they are being responsible for themselves and others. In relation to what constructs a virtue is the origin of virtue in a person. Virtue is not born in a person, rather†¦show more content†¦Virtues can be taught through the family or by guardians. When a child is young he/she does not know much about the world. What they do know was taught through experience and being reprimanded or rewarded for the action committed. In other words, the child learned through reinforcement. Virtues can be taught this way, a child must learn the middle path rather than vices. Virtue ethics strives to create a good person and combine reason and emotion. (Pg.86) AShow MoreRelated Aristotle and the Book of Nicomanchean Ethics Essay1496 Words   |  6 Pageshappiness. Aristotle states that activity is an important requirement of happiness. He states that a happy person cannot be inactive. He then goes on to say that living a life of virtue is something pleasurable in itself. The virtuous person takes pleasure in doing virtuous things. T he role of virtue is an important one for Aristotle. Without virtue, it seems one cannot obtain happiness. Virtue acts as a linking factor to happiness. Aristotle states that the human function is the life activity ofRead MoreEssay about Socrates Views on Virtue and Happiness1049 Words   |  5 Pageshappiness before he discusses virtue and its relation with happiness. He seems to hold a unique definition of happiness states that the usual definition of happiness just makes one think that they are happy; however, the real happiness consists of something much deeper. He says, The Olympian victor makes you think yourself happy; I make you be happy (Apology 36e-37a). The constant questioning he practices, according to Socrates himself, is in effect helping the Athenians be happy because it is helpingRead MoreGovernment And Virtue By Benjamin Franklin1197 Words   |  5 Pagesis a country well-known for the phrase, â€Å"we the people;† it is a nation created by the people for the people. â€Å"Only a virtuous people are capable of freedom. As nations become corrupt and vicious, they have more need of masters† (Franklin, 1840, pg. 297). This statement by Benjamin Franklin strongly emphasizes the importance of virtuous citizenry in a country founded on claims to freedom. This gives rise to the question of what makes a person virtuous and how that virtue should be cultivated. RegardlessRead MoreEssay Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle1464 Words   |  6 Pagesbeing happy. A virtuous person is a person with a disposition toward virtuous actions and who derives pleasure from behaving virtuously. Aristotle distinguishes between two types of human virtue: virtues of thought and virtues of character. Virtues of thought are acquired through learning and include virtues like wisdom and prudence; virtues of character include bravery and charity, which are acquired by habituation and require external goods to develop. As a consequence, not all people can acquireRead MoreAristotle And Jean Jacques Rousseau And Rousseau On The Origin Of Inequality979 Words   |  4 PagesPeople such as Buddhist monks devote their lives to the search for virtue through isolation and meditation. Others believe that just simply living your life as a generous person and practicing self-preservation is virtuous. These two different, yet similar ideas of virtuous living came from the two philosophers known as Aristotle and Jean-Jacques Rousseau and their works in the Nicomachean Ethics and Discourse on The Origin of Inequality. Aristotle believed that the individual had to meet multipleRead MoreEssay on Aristotles Notion on Eudaimonia and Virtue 1550 Words   |  7 PagesIn Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics he accounts that humans should make sacrifices and should ultimately aim first and foremost for their own happiness . In the paper I will argue that it is really in a person’s best interest to be virtuous . I will do this by first describing Aristotle’s notion on both eudaimonia and virtue , as well as highlighting the intimate relationship between the two . Secondly I will talk about the hu man role in society. Thirdly I will describe the intrinsic tie between humanRead MoreVirtue Ethics : A Theory Of Morality1448 Words   |  6 Pagesthe consequences or rules as above stated. This also means that people can learn to improve their moral life by becoming more virtuous. Those in oppose to Virtue Ethics argue that the rules of deontology and consequentialism provide the rigid action guidance lacking in v-ethics and because of this, what is â€Å"right† or â€Å"good† is’ obliviously’ more clearly defined. Without clarity in what is right/good, how can we know what is more virtuous of a decision? In this paper is will refute the objections toRead MoreThe Good Man Must Choose Virtuous Action For Its Own Sake1557 Words   |  7 Pagesthe good man must choose virtuous action for its own sake. A man who is drawn towards vice, but acts rightly, but doesn’t want too, is not at all a virtuous man. Passion and pleasure must be felt through virt uous actions in order for his passions to naturally draw him toward virtue and away from vices. Therefore, habits allow us to train our passions in the right way, so that we do choose virtue for its own sake and recoil away from vice (Mertz, 1997). Although many people adopt the rules taught toRead MoreIs A Man Truly Virtuous With Excellence Of Character?991 Words   |  4 PagesCan a man really become virtuous with excellence of character by training himself in virtuous deeds and actions? Can an unvirtuous man become a virtuous man by forming habits and then adjusting for his mistakes by acting more and more virtuous? The answer is yes, both according to Aristotle and by right reason. If a man is truly acting in accordance with reason and directed towards truth, he will then see how his unvirtuous acts affects others and by creating good habits the consequence will resultRead MoreComparison Between Aristotle And Kant1388 Words   |  6 Pagesviews on the topic. Aristotle and Kant have two totally different views on virtue, one being based on the soul and how you character depicts you virtue and the other which is based of the fact that anyone has a chance of being morally good, even bad people. There is a lot of disagreem ent between Aristotle and Kant, which has examples to back the disagreements. Aristotle takes virtue as an excellence, while Kant takes it more to being a person doing something morally good in the society and for them

Bismarck And Kaiser Wilhelm s Foreign Policy - 1150 Words

Maya Epstein Mr. LeRoy Honors History 1 21 October 2015 1. Bismarck and Kaiser Wilhelm were two German officials around the time of world war one. They both had foreign policies and they were both pretty different. Bismarck’s foreign policy had many aims. One of the aims was to leave territorial expansion behind. He unified Germany and to do so had to incorporate many other states into Prussia. He was also very much in favor of peace instead of war. He also never tried to strengthen the naval forces of Germany especially not to ruin the relationship with England. Next, he decided to keep France isolated as well as friendless so that could not start a war as revenge. He also focused on Germany s relationship with Austria and Russia. He also distrusted Italy. Kaiser Wilhelm’s foreign policy differed from Bismarck’s in many ways. Whereas Bismarck did things based on logic Kaiser Wilhelm did things more based on emotion. This resulted in incoherence and inconsistency in the German relations with other nations. He wanted an empire that could rival the size of the british. He also managed to alienate the English by aggressively expanding the navy. He was more aggressive and wanted Germany to be the best. Their decisions were significant to World War one in many ways. One of the ways was it fueled European tension prior to the war. The different countries did not like some the things either of the leaders were doing, and that did not help much. Also, because of the alreadyShow MoreRelatedThe Franco Prussian War Of 18711600 Words   |  7 Pagesassimilated by Bismarck into the Northern German Confederation in the Treaty of Frankfurt in mid-1871. Bismarck then took the honour of proclaiming the then King Wilhelm I, Kaiser Wilhelm I, the first Kaiser of the newly formed German Empire in late 1871, who was the leader of a united, single nation Germany for the first time. Napoleon III dissolved the French Empire and a new Republic was formed, the Third Republic in French History, under Adolphe Thiers. Late Political Career Thiers. Bismarck was instatedRead MoreKaiser Wilhelm And Otto Von Bismarck s Policies Differed1620 Words   |  7 PagesWorld War I Essay Questions 1. Both Kaiser Wilhelm and Otto Von Bismarck’s policies differed. In reality, Kaiser based his ideas and was influenced off of Bismarck. Wilhelm II was mostly concerned with the power of the German Navy. He consistently tried to get the best of the best for the navy and always got the latest weapons for them. Also, he attempted to make Germany the predominant world power. His aim to get allies for Germany was a complete failure. When Kaiser tried to reach out and get helpRead MoreU.s. Honors Pre Wwi1668 Words   |  7 PagesChandni Rajesh Mr. LeRoy Honors U.S. History (4A) 10/19/15 U.S. Honors Pre-WWI 1. Bismarck s foreign policy was entirely based on preserving his power and Germany’s throughout Europe. After 1870 he was against the idea of expanding Germany and believed that the country was â€Å"satiated.† Instead, Bismarck wanted to keep the peace among European countries rather than engaging in war, therefore keeping Germany safe from attack. He planned to do this through the use of gaining european alliances whichRead MoreThe First World War As The Result of Anglo-German Rivalry1225 Words   |  5 PagesThe First World War As The Result of Anglo-German Rivalry When Bismarck resigned in 1890, and Kaiser Wilhelm II took over, rivalry was increased between Britain and Germany. This was largely due to Wilhelm IIs more aggressive foreign policy, and desire to build up the German Navy, which threatened Britain. This provided the basis for long-term problems, which led to World War 1, however there were many other causes. For example the alliances, the Schleiffen plan, TheRead MoreRealism Theory And The International System Essay1862 Words   |  8 Pagesdeclining militarily. This growing insecurity is the key to understanding Germany s actions and motives for entering WWI. This essay will discuss the overarching theme of insecurity through realism theory used to examine the international system during this Westphalian era, and how inept governmental policies supplemented by specific human decisions, societal factors, and public opinion contributed to Germany s   entry into WWI.  Ã‚   The Westphalian era of international relations began in 1648, theRead MoreThe Success Of The Doomsday Machine1252 Words   |  6 Pagesdiffering the balance of power principles in separate countries of europe Europe, the bullying strategies by Germany, the poor diplomatic alliances of Germany, Austria, France, Britain and Russia, and the lack of understanding of differing Military policies by Germany all lead to the Doomsday Machine. The Doomsday Machine was made up of all the actions that resulted in the ripping apart of the diplomatic alliances, with each alliance having too much at stake to permit the Concert of Europe diplomacyRead MoreEssay The Outbreak Of World War One and Germany1168 Words   |  5 Pagesstates and individuals were also significant in pulling Europe into World War One. In 1871, following a series of Prussian wars, a new nation of Germany was created which significantly altered the politics of Europe. The new Kaiser, Wilhelm II, determined the direction that this nation took, and it was his attitude that created so much fear of the new state. At times, understandably, they felt threatened and vulnerable. Already, she had found enemies in neighbours FranceRead MoreEssay about Europe and World War I1428 Words   |  6 PagesLorraine, an area of much dispute for many centuries, caused many of the French harboured hostile feelings towards the Germans, and this public opinion may have put pressure on the French government to pursue a vengeful, aggressive foreign policy based on revenge. Many countries, especially France, became cautious of Germany, a newly unified country that would soon become a formidable force in European affairs. The European climate of opinion was also a cause for tensions;Read MoreOutbreak of World War I and Germanys Responsibility Essay2798 Words   |  12 Pagesconclusion is not drawn from this quote, which would be to present Russia or France with an ultimatum, which would unleash war with right on our side.2 Germany definitely saw war as a way to escape her problems, following the example of Bismarck in 1871, but the war council in itself is not evidence enough to prove that they were planning on starting a war. It only reveals that they were prepared to take a huge risk on European safety to achieve their aims and due to theirRead MoreIn Considering The Process Of Change On German Political Systems Over The Whole Period 1890 22484 Words   |  10 Pagesa new era of allied control, marking a significant and radical change of powers, marking a key turning point. The subsequent defeat of the Nazi’s broke the continuous goals and ideologies surrounding lebensraum and ethnic cleansing, seen since the Kaiser Reich. The Potsdam conference in 1945 sought to divide Germany. Original plans to form a single allied unit were abandoned due to growing tensions between the huge superpowers to the extent that a follow up war may ensue. The Federal Republic of

Stop! Wait! I Am Pulling Down a Menu! Free Essays

San Jose, CA, with the smallest officer-to-resident ration in the country, is named one of the safest cities in the United States. From 1990 to 2004, officers worked on a daily basis with a text-based mobile dispatch system, which they had no problem with. A major issue happened when, in 2004, this system was replaced by a new Windows-based touch screen software, developed by Intergraph. We will write a custom essay sample on Stop! Wait! I Am Pulling Down a Menu! or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this new project, a new touch screen computer was installed in every patrol car. The idea of the software was correct, it was supposed to bring many benefits and simply help officers, make their life easier. The new software was designed to receive orders, send messages, write reports, receive maps of the city, and use the GPS to let officers know where they are located. The success of the software was not as planned. Even before it was installed, officers were already upset that their input was not asked about the design of the interface; nobody asked their opinion and suggestions for the creation of the new system. The software itself had way too many complications. Officers were not satisfied at all with it. Some of the issues included were the increasingly difficult to use code 99-emergency, the time it took them to find whether a person they stopped had violent criminal record, mapping and GPS inaccuracies, and unneeded information that took screen space along with difficult font to read. The software simply did not work, it crashed after two days of its debut. It was fixed and debugged, but still had major issues. Dispatchers were also very dissatisfied with the Intergraph system because of the risky delays in task execution, because it could not perform multiple tasks simultaneously, between many more. They too, thought should have been consulted during the interface design stage. To fix these issues, SJPOA provided more training to officers and hired a consultant to see what could be done. The consultant realized there were too many complex hierarchies that did not make sense for anyone who had to be using the system while driving a car. Even with all these disagreements, San Jose did not replace the system. While looking at the examples given about Chicago and San Diego, I can see there is still hope for San Jose and the implementation of the new system. Are the problems encountered by the police officers due to hardware or software? The problems encountered were due to both, hardware and software. Hardware refers to the physical components of computers and related electronic devices such as PDAs. It was stated in the case that older officers were having more trouble than the younger ones and I believe it is because they are not used to the new computers and devices. The input devices are the ones that receive signals from outside the computer and transfer them into the computer. The most common input devices are the computer keyboard and mouse, but some advices accept voice, imagine, or other signals (Oz, E. , 2009). In this case, their problems were with the touch screen computers, which can serve both as an input and output device. Software was the major problem in this case. The software implemented simply did not work; there were too many bugs and mistakes. The idea of the software was to make officer’s lives easier and not more complicated. It seems that the software was too complex and slow to be used by police officers and fire fighters, who can most of the time be in danger and in need of fast and accurate information. Whom do you think is at fault for the unsuccessful implementation of the new software? Why? I believe the fault is to be blamed on the police and city officials. Their thought was good, they wanted to improve their system, but did not get any input from the officers to know what kind of system would work for them, what they need to most, if it is speed, accuracy, GPS, what would make their lives easier. I believe it lacked communication between them. With all this information, police officials could have gone to Intergraph and explained what kind of system they were looking for, how they wanted it to be, what should have its emphasis on. People, specially the â€Å"technologically challenged,† are often not receptive of new technologies. Was this a major issue in this case? I don’t believe it was a major issue, but it was one. The case stated even the tolerant and receptive officers were having obstacles to adapt to the new system, and it also said the older officers were having more trouble than the younger ones. Technology is changing so fast and some of us can not get caught up with it many times. The older officers were used with the paper and pen method, some of them probably do not even have (or if they do they got it not too long ago) a computer at home. If they are used to computers I am sure it is not the touch screen one, it is the laptop or desktop type. All of these make it more difficult to accept the new technology but it is not something that can not be converted with training. After getting familiar with the computers and systems they will realize it is going to make their job much easier and simple. If you were the CEO of Intergraph before it assumed the project for San Jose, what would you do differently? As the CEO of Intergraph I would have talked to the officials to know exactly what they are looking for in the system and try to create one that is as easy as possible to use. I would hold a lot of training sections to the officers to make sure they knew what they were doing and how they could use the system to their advantage. I believe Intergraph probably created a system that is not compatible with what they were needing. They should have held sections with the officers to know how familiar they are with computers, what they do and do not know about it. I am sure with useful information like this the system created would have been much more user friendly and therefore more effectively used. My recommendations for this case are as follow: Hold more training sections: I believe with training this situation can be solved in a simple way. I know that much of it depends on the effectiveness of the software itself, but once it is solved and free of bugs, training sections will be helpful for officers to get very familiar with the system and start using it to their advantage. Nowadays they can no longer work with paper and pen, computers will save them a lot of time and effort if used correctly. I also believe the training sections should be done with touch screen computers instead of desktop or laptops. Officers need to be able to practice on a screen just like the one they are going to work with in the car. This will make them feel more comfortable when using the software on the job. Get input from officers: the best way to make officers and dispatchers satisfied with the new system and computers is to get them involved in the process. They should be able to give their opinion about the whole situation and give inputs on what they believe would make a difference and what would not. They are the ones who will use it al all times so they should know what kind of system they want and will fulfill their needs when time comes. Fix software error: I am sure this is something they are already working on, and as stated in the case, San Diego also had the same problem when started using the same software and now it is working much better. They worked with Intergraph to fit the system to their needs and I believe San Jose needs to do the same. Get officers more adapted to technology: with time they will understand that technology is there to make their personal and professional lives better. Resistance is an emotional response based on feelings. You cannot talk people out of their emotions. In fact, their emotions become fiercer when they sense that their feelings are being challenged. An alternative and more effective approach is to ask about the concerns regarding the change. Talk to the officers to know what is holding them back. I think some workshops and/or meetings with experts in technology would give them an idea of what is available to them. I am sure a touch screen computer with many icons and items can be scary to some of them, but after they understand how to use everything they will truly take advantage of it. How to cite Stop! Wait! I Am Pulling Down a Menu!, Papers

John Wallis Was Born On November 23, 1616 In Ashford, Kent, Essays

John Wallis was born on November 23, 1616 in Ashford, Kent, England.When Wallis moved from his school in Ashford to Tenterden, he showed his potential for the first time as a scholar. In 1630 he went to Felted where he became proficient in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. He later went to Emanual College Cambridge and became first interested in mathematics. Because nobody at Cambridge at this time could direct his mathematical studies, his main topic of study became divinity and was ordained in 1640. During the Civil War, Wallis was so skilled in cryptograghy that he decoded a Royalist message for the Parliamentarians. Because of this, it was suggested that he was appointed to the Savilian Chair of geometry at Oxford in 1649. The then holder of the chair, Peter Turner, was dismissed and Wallis held the chair for over 50 years until his death. In London there was a group that was interested in natural and experimental sceince that Wallis was a part of. The group became the Royal Society and Wallis is a founder member and one of its first Fellows. Wallis greatley contributed to the beginning of calculus and the most influentail English mathematician before Newton. He studied the works of Kepler, Cavalieri, Roberval, Torricelli, and Descartes. He then went to introduce ideas of the calculus going beyond that of these other authors. In Arithmetica infinitorum, around 1656, Wallis evaluated the integral of (1-x2)n from 0 to 1 for integral values of n, building off of Cavalieri's method of indivisibles. In an attempt to compute the integral of (1-x) from 0 to 1, he devised a method of interpolation. While using Kepler's concept of continuity he discovered methods to evaluate integrals that were later used by Newton in his work on the binomial theorem. Wallis also established the formula 3.14/2=(2.2.4.4.6.6.8.8.10...)/(1.3.3.5.5.7.7.9.9...) During 1656 Wallis described the curves that are obtained as cross sections by cutting a cone with a plane as properites of algebraic coordinated without the embranglings of the cone in his Tract on Conic Sections. He followed methods in the style of Descartes' analytical treatment. Wallis was an important early historian of mathematics and in his Treatise on Algebra he has a wealth of historical material. The most important feature of this work, appeared in 1685, is that it brought to mathematicians the work of Harriot in a clear exposition. Wallis accepts negative roots and complex roots in Treatise on Algebra. He shows that a-7a=6 has exactly three roots and that they are all real. He criticises Descartes' Rule of Signs stating correctly, that the rule which determines the number of positive and the number of negative roots by inspection is only valid if all the roots of the equation are real. Wallis introduced our symbol for infinity. Wallis also restored some ancient Greek texts such as Ptolemy's Harmonics, Aristarchus's On the magnitudes and distances of the sun and moon and Archimedes' Sand-reckoner. His non-mathematical works include many religious works, such as a book on etymology and grammar Grammatica linguae Anglicanae along with a logic book Institutio logicae. Wallis had a bitter dispute with Hobbes, who was a fine scholar and far from Wallis's class as a mathematician. In 1655 Hobbes claimed to have discovered a method to calculate the area of a circle by integration. Wallis's book with his methods was in press at the time and he refuted Hobbes's claims. Hobbes replied with a pamphlet Six lessons to the Professors of Mathematics at the Institute of Sir Henry Savile. Wallis then replied with the pamphlet Due Correction for Mr Hobbes, or School Discipline for not saying his Lessons Aright. Hobbes wrote the pamphlet The Mards of the Absurd Geometry, Rural Language etc. of Doctor Wallis to Wallis. The dispute continued for over 20 years, becoming extended to include Boyle, and ending only with Hobbe's death. John Wallis later died in Oxford, England on October 28, 1703.